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Eyes Blue Green White Caucasian Ximena Medellin Colombia

Ditulis Kamis, 07 Juli 2022 Tulis Komentar Edit

Colombian descendants of European people

White Colombians
Colombiano Blanco
Total population
Different estimates:
  • 45-50% (En Colombia, s.f.).[1]
  • 37% (Schwartzman, 2008).[2]

Biogenetic research studies and ancestry:

  • 62.5%(PLOS Library of Science, 2015)[3]
  • 73%(PLOS Library of Science, 2018)[4]
  • 63.4%(PLOS Library of Science, 2019)[5]
Regions with significant populations
Throughout the nation, especially in the Andean Region, the Orinoquía Region, the Caribbean Region[6] [7] [8] and the major cities.
Languages
Predominantly Colombian Spanish, small groups of Italian speakers, German speakers, French speakers, Portuguese speakers Amazon Region and English speakers San Andrés (island)
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholic, Protestant, other Christians), Irreligion, Islam, and Judaism

White Colombians are the Colombian descendants of European and Middle Eastern people. According to the 2018 Census, 87.58% of Colombians do not identify with any ethnic group, thus being either White or Mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian ancestry), which are not categorized separately.[9]

Distribution and ethnic background [edit]

Due to the fluidity of the racial terms that predominates in Latin America, the estimated percentage of White Colombians may vary depending on the source and the study conducted.

Whites live mainly in the urban centers, the Andean Region, the Orinoquía Region and the Caribbean Region;[10] they are mostly of Spanish lineage, but there is also a large population of Italian[11] [12] and Middle Eastern descent [13] [14] as well as some German,[15] French[16] and Irish[17] particularly among upper classes.

Genetics [edit]

Genetic ancestry of Colombia according to PLOS study A. Mooney et al., 2018[18]

According to a genetic research published by Public Library of Science (PLOS) in 2014, where the ancestry and genetics of 5 Latin American countries were evaluated; the average Colombian genetic is 60% European, 29% native Amerindian and 11% Subsaharan African, with self-identified White Colombians (19.3% of the samples) being 65% European, 26% native Amerindian and 9% Subsaharan African.[19] Colombia obtained the second highest European component after Brazil, the second lowest melanin ratio also after Brazil, the second highest rate of blue/ gray and green eyes, with the highest rate of honey/hazel eyes, the third highest rate of blond hair and with the same rate of red hair as Brazil and Chile.[19]

Genetic ancestry of the Colombia gene pool according to a PLOS study.[20]

History [edit]

Colonial period [edit]

The presence of Whites in Colombia began in 1510 with the colonization of San Sebastián de Urabá. In 1525, settlers founded Santa Marta, the oldest Spanish city still in existence in Colombia. Many Spaniards came searching for gold, while others established themselves as leaders of the social organizations teaching the Christian faith and the ways of their civilization.[ citation needed ]

Immigration from Europe [edit]

Basque priests introduced handball into Colombia.[21] Besides business, Basque immigrants in Colombia were devoted to teaching and public administration.[21] In the first years of the Andean multinational company, Basque sailors navigated as captains and pilots on the majority of the ships until the country was able to train its own crews.[21] In Bogota, there is a small colony of thirty to forty families who emigrated as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War.[22]

The first German immigrants arrived in the 16th century contracted by the Spanish Crown, and included explorers such as Ambrosio Alfinger and Nicolaus Federman. There was another small wave of German immigrants at the end of the 19th and beginning of 20th century including Leo Siegfried Kopp, the founder of the famous Bavaria Brewery. SCADTA, a Colombian-German air transport corporation which was established by German expatriates in 1919, was the first commercial airline in the western hemisphere.[23]

Portrait of Jorge Isaacs. Colombian Jewish writer and intellectual.

In December 1941 the United States government estimated that there were at least 4,000 Germans living in Colombia.[24]

A wave of Ashkenazi immigrants came after the rise of Nazism in 1933, followed by as many as 17,000 German Jews. From 1939 until the end of World War II, immigration was put to a halt by anti-immigrant feelings in the country and restrictions on immigration from Germany.[25]

There were some Nazi agitators in Colombia, such as Barranquilla businessman Emil Prufurt,[24] but the majority was apolitical. Colombia asked Germans who were on the U.S. blacklist to leave and allowed German and Jewish refugees in the country illegally to stay.[24]

Immigration from the Middle East [edit]

Colombia was one of early focus of Sephardi immigration.[26] Jewish converts to Christianity and some crypto-Jews also sailed with the early explorers. It has been suggested that the present day culture of business entrepreneurship in the region of Antioquia and Valle del Cauca is attributable to Sephardi immigration.[27]

The largest wave of Middle Eastern immigration began around 1880, and remained during the first two decades of the 20th century. They were mainly Maronite Christians from Lebanon, Syria and Ottoman Palestine, fleeing financial hardships and the repression of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. When they were first processed in the ports of Colombia, they were classified as Turks.

During the early part of the 20th century, numerous Jewish immigrants came from Turkey, North Africa and Syria. Shortly after, Jewish immigrants began to arrive from Eastern Europe.[24] Armenians, Lebanese, Syrians,[28] Palestinians and some Israelis[29] continue since then to settle in Colombia.[28]

More than 700,000 Colombians have partial Middle Eastern descent.[30] Due to poor existing information it's impossible to know the exact number of people that immigrated to Colombia. A figure of 50,000-100,000 from 1880 to 1930 may be reliable.[28] Whatever the figure, Lebanese are perhaps the biggest immigrant group next to the Spanish since independence.[28] Cartagena, Cali, and Bogota were among the cities with the largest number of Arabic-speaking representatives in Colombia in 1945.[28]

See also [edit]

  • Race and ethnicity in Colombia
  • Afro-Colombians
  • Mestizaje in Colombia
  • Lebanese Colombians
  • History of the Jews in Colombia
  • Spanish Colombian
  • Italian Colombian
  • Immigration to Colombia

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Caucásicos en Colombia". En Colombia.
  2. ^ Schwartzman, Simon (2008). "Étnia, condiciones de vida y discriminación" (PDF) . Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  3. ^ Homburger, J. R.; Moreno-Estrada, A.; Gignoux, C. R.; Nelson, D.; Sanchez, E.; Ortiz-Tello, P.; Pons-Estel, B. A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, E.; Miranda, P.; Langefeld, C. D.; Gravel, S.; Alarcón-Riquelme, M. E.; Bustamante, C. D. (2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. PMC4670080. PMID 26636962.
  4. ^ Mooney, J. A.; Huber, C. D.; Service, S.; Sul, J. H.; Marsden, C. D.; Zhang, Z.; Sabatti, C.; Ruiz-Linares, A.; Bedoya, G.; Costa Rica/Colombia Consortium for Genetic Investigation of Bipolar Endophenotypes; Freimer, N.; Lohmueller, K. E. (2018). "Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates". American Journal of Human Genetics. 103 (5): 707–726. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013. PMC6218714. PMID 30401458.
  5. ^ Norris, E. T.; Rishishwar, L.; Wang, L.; Conley, A. B.; Chande, A. T.; Dabrowski, A. M.; Valderrama-Aguirre, A.; Jordan, I. K. (2019). "Assortative Mating on Ancestry-Variant Traits in Admixed Latin American Populations". Frontiers in Genetics. 10: 359. doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00359. PMC6491930. PMID 31105740.
  6. ^ "Teseo".
  7. ^ Vidal Ortega, Antonino; d'Amato Castillo, Giuseppe (2015). "Los otros, sin patria: Italianos en el litoral Caribe de Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX". Caravelle (105): 153–175. doi:10.4000/caravelle.1822.
  8. ^ https://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/1532/1586
  9. ^ "Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018". geoportal.dane.gov.co . Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  10. ^ Bushnell & Hudson, p. 87-88.
  11. ^ Vidal Ortega, Antonino; D'Amato Castillo, Giuseppe (1 December 2015). "Los otros, sin patria: italianos en el litoral Caribe de Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX". Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien (in French) (105): 153–175. doi:10.4000/caravelle.1822. ISSN 1147-6753.
  12. ^ "Conozca a los inmigrantes europeos que se quedaron en Colombia". Revista Diners | Revista Colombiana de Cultura y Estilo de Vida (in Spanish). 2 July 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  13. ^ "Apuntes sobre la inmigración sirio-libanesa en Colombia". www.nodo50.org . Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  14. ^ "Brazil-Arab News Agency - Colombia awakens to the Arab world". 6 July 2011. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  15. ^ "Estos fueron los primeros alemanes en Colombia". Revista Diners | Revista Colombiana de Cultura y Estilo de Vida (in Spanish). 10 June 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  16. ^ Salamanca, Helwar Figueroa; Espitia, Julián David Corredor (31 July 2019). ""En una ciudad gris y silenciosa": la migración francesa en Bogotá (1900-1920)". Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras (in Spanish). 24 (2): 75–100. doi:10.18273/revanu.v24n2-2019003. ISSN 2145-8499. S2CID 203515282.
  17. ^ "News & Events - Irlandeses en Colombia y Antioquia - Department of Foreign Affairs". www.dfa.ie . Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  18. ^ Mooney, J. A.; Huber, C. D.; Service, S.; Sul, J. H.; Marsden, C. D.; Zhang, Z.; Sabatti, C.; Ruiz-Linares, A.; Bedoya, G.; Costa Rica/Colombia Consortium for Genetic Investigation of Bipolar Endophenotypes; Freimer, N.; Lohmueller, K. E. (2018). "Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates". American Journal of Human Genetics. 103 (5): 707–726. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013. PMC6218714. PMID 30401458.
  19. ^ a b Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC4177621. PMID 25254375.
  20. ^ Homburger, J. R.; Moreno-Estrada, A.; Gignoux, C. R.; Nelson, D.; Sanchez, E.; Ortiz-Tello, P.; Pons-Estel, B. A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, E.; Miranda, P.; Langefeld, C. D.; Gravel, S.; Alarcón-Riquelme, M. E.; Bustamante, C. D. (2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. PMC4670080. PMID 26636962.
  21. ^ a b c Possible paradises: Basque emigration to Latin America by José Manuel Azcona Pastor, P.203
  22. ^ Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World by William A. Douglass, Jon Bilbao, P.167
  23. ^ Jim Watson. "SCADTA Joins the Fight". Stampnotes.com. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  24. ^ a b c d Latin America during World War II by Thomas M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, P.117
  25. ^ Ignacio Klich & Jeff Lesser, Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities, Psychology Press, 1997, pages 76-78
  26. ^ "'Lost Jews' Of Colombia Say They've Found Their Roots". NPR.org. npr.org. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  27. ^ Wasko, Dennis (13 June 2011). "The Jewish Palate: The Jews of Colombia - Arts & Culture - Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  28. ^ a b c d e de Posada, Louise Fawcett; Eduardo Posada-Carbó (1992). "En la tierra de las oportunidades: los sirio-libaneses en Colombia" [In the land of opportunity: the Syrian-Lebanese in Colombia]. Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico (in Spanish). XXIX (29). Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  29. ^ Fawcett, Louise; Posada‐Carbo, Eduardo (21 June 2010). "Arabs and Jews in the development of the Colombian Caribbean 1850–1950". Immigrants & Minorities. 16 (1–2): 57–79. doi:10.1080/02619288.1997.9974903.
  30. ^ "Agência de Notícias Brasil-Árabe". .anba.com.br. Retrieved 20 February 2015.

Works cited [edit]

  • Bushnell, David and Rex A. Hudson. "Racial distinctions". In Colombia: A Country Study (Rex A. Hudson, ed.). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (2010). Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

gonzalespillike1960.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Colombians

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